《外国文学研究》2020年第5期主要论文摘要

点击上方“外国文学研究”可以订阅哦

2020年第5期(总第205期)

中外学者访谈

Zhang Shengzhen & Leonard Marcus

Title: The Development and Challenge of Children’s Literature: An Interview with Leonard Marcus

标题：儿童文学的发展与挑战：雷纳德·马库斯访谈录

Abstract: Leonard Marcus’s pathfinding writings and exhibitions have earned him acclaim as one of the world’s preeminent authorities on children’s books and the people who create them. His publications include biographies, histories, interviews, and in-depth studies on works that have become enduring classics in children’s literature. 25 of his works won various awards. As a founding trustee of the Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art, Marcus curated the New York Public Library’s landmark exhibition, “The ABC of It: Why Children’s Books Matter.” Zhang Shengzhen, a Fulbright visiting scholar at New York University (2019—2020), interviewed Marcus on a wide range of topics, including childhood, children’s literature, children’s books, crossover literature, and American children’s literature. Marcus regards children’s literature as both a rich repository of collective memory and cultural heritage for each nation. In his view, therefore, it should be taken seriously. American children’s literature was influenced by British literature, but it embarked on its own course of independent development after the Civil War and gradually showed its national uniqueness and impact. Thanks to the influence from various factors, children’s literature has shaken off its marginal status and become part of the mainstream literature. This will bring greater challenges, as well as more chances, to the writers, critics, educators, and publishers of children’s literature.

内容摘要：雷纳德·马库斯因其开创性写作和展览使他嬴得儿童图书世界性权威和作家美誉。他的作品包括传记、历史故事、访谈录及对塑造儿童文学经典作品的深入探讨，其中多达25部作品获奖。作为艾瑞克·卡尔绘本艺术博物馆的创始人,马库斯在美国纽约公共图书馆筹办了具有标志性意义的展览“基本原理:为什么儿童书籍很重要”。张生珍是由中美富布赖特项目（2019—2020）资助的访问学者，在纽约大学访学期间对马库斯进行了专访。采访内容涉及童年、儿童文学与儿童图书、跨界文学、美国儿童文学等众多问题。马库斯认为儿童文学承载了各民族的集体记忆和文化传承，应该得到重视。美国儿童文学受到英国儿童文学的影响，但是在内战后，美国儿童文学开始独立地发展起来，并逐渐展示其民族特色和影响力。在诸多因素影响下，儿童文学从边缘走向主流文学。这将为儿童文学领域的作家、评论家、教育界和出版界带来更大的挑战和机遇。

Li Feng & Mike Hill 

Title: Reinventing English by Working beyond the Modern Disciplines: An Interview with Mike Hill

标题：跨越现代学科的界限来重塑英语语言文学：麦克·希尔访谈录

Abstract: Mike Hill is Professor of English at State University of New York at Albany and a renowned literary critic. He has published many books on a wide range of topics, including Whiteness: A Critical Reader (1997), Masses, Classes, and the Public Sphere (2001), After Whiteness: Unmaking an American Majority (2004), and The Other Adam Smith (2015) which, since its translation into Chinese, has been widely acclaimed in the country. In December 2019, during his visit at Shanghai International Studies University at the invitation of the university’s Institute of Literary Studies, Hill was interviewed by Li Feng, a professor at SISU. In the interview, Hill reviews his journey of cross-disciplinary studies from white critique to Adam Smith, the English novel, war studies, and beyond. He particularly talks about such important issues as the cultural significance of white critique and its application to literary research, Adam Smith’s connections with literary narrative, the origin and development of English as a discipline, and the special role China may play in this discipline in the future.

内容摘要：麦克·希尔，纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校英语教授，著名文学批评家。他的著述丰富，涉及众多命题，包括《白人性：批评读本》（1997）、《群众、阶级与公共领域》（2001）、《白人性之后：还原美国的多数人》（2004）、《另一个亚当·斯密》（2015）等，其中《另一个亚当·斯密》的中译本在中国出版后受到广泛关注。2019年12月，希尔应上海外国语大学文学研究院之邀赴沪讲学，期间接受该校教授李锋的采访。在采访中，希尔谈及自己的跨学科研究之路，涉及白人批评、亚当·斯密、英语小说、战争研究等领域，特别谈到了白人批评的文化意义及其在文学研究中的应用、亚当·斯密同文学叙事之间的关联、英语学科的肇始与发展轨迹，以及未来中国在该学科可能发挥的特殊作用等重要问题。

中外学者对话：歌德作品中的媒介间性研究

冯亚琳

标题：《威廉·迈斯特的漫游时代》中文字与图像的交互关系

Title: The Interplay between Words and Images in Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre

内容摘要：歌德在其小说《威廉·迈斯特的漫游时代》中对语言和图像的交互关系及其意义进行了文学演绎，作者并没有像他声称的那样，用图像替代文字，而是将两者置于一种特殊而又充满紧张度的互动关系中。确切而言，这部小说特殊的文本结构和叙述策略与作者的语言怀疑观密切相关，而图像则与文字表述交织缠绕，既为叙述的机缘，也是叙述的主题和内容。两者的相似之处则在于单一意义的取缔，取而代之的是意义的开放性和不确定性。在歌德的演绎中，读者不仅会遭遇文字交往功能的缺失或能指和所指之间的断裂，更会邂逅图像的诱惑和隐藏其后的多元意义。换言之，图像并不比文字更可靠。因此，文字与图像不是对立关系，而是同构关系，它们是一个铜板的两面，面貌不同，本质相通。无论是对语言的怀疑，还是对图像多元意义的演绎，歌德借助跨媒介的叙述方略创立了一种新的、打破了线性叙事和意义单一性的符号秩序，与此相呼应的，不是别的，而是某种多重意义的艺术空间。

Abstract: Goethe offers his literary interpretation of the relationship and its meaning between words and images in his novel, Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre. The author doesn’t substitute words with images, as he often claimed, but places both of them in a special and tension-filled interplay. To be exact，the unique textual structure and narrative strategy of the novel are closely related to the author’s language skepticism. Image, as it is interwoven with wording, may represent not only an opportunity for the narrative, but also its subject and content. The similarity between them lies in the prohibition of a single meaning, which is replaced by the openness and unpredictability of meaning. In Goethe’s interpretation，what readers will encounter is not just the deficiency in the communicative function of words or the breakage between signifier and designatum. They will, more likely, encounter the temptation of images and the multiple meanings behind them. In other words, images are not necessarily more reliable than words. In this sense, words and images are not opposites; instead, they are isomorphic. They are two sides of the same coin, different in appearance but identical in essence. While articulating his skepticism toward language or interpreting the multiple meanings of images, Goethe took advantage of a cross-media narrative strategy in creating a new order of symbles that breaks up the linear narrative and the singularity of meaning. What corresponds to this is nothing but a multivalent space of art.

王炳钧

标题：《少年维特之烦恼》中的媒介问题

Title: Media Issues in Die Leiden des jungen Werthers

内容摘要：德国18世纪的文本化进程与文学发展的关联构成了歌德小说《少年维特之烦恼》的基本历史语境。文本化进程不仅为远程交流提供了可能，同时也削弱了身体在场的交往；媒介发展不仅服务于情感交流的需求，同时也生成了新的交往模式。小说在把印刷文化促进的“编者”、“前言”等辅助文本运用于虚构叙事的同时，将被虔诚主义与感伤主义推向发展高潮的交往媒介——书信推向极致,小说中收信人的缺席留下的空位，由匿名的读者填补。真实与虚构的交互杂糅，导致读者接受的困惑，提出了审美反思的挑战。印刷文化的进程不仅生成了新的表述方式，促进了文化技术的发展，同时也限制了面对面的交往。而体验要求的直接性与媒介需要的距离似乎总是处在一种紧张关系之中。

Abstract: The correlation between the process of textualization and the development of literature in the eighteenth-century Germany constituted the basic historical context of Goethe’s novel, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers. The textualization not only made long-distance communication possible, but also minimized physical interaction. The development of media served the needs of emotional exchanges and, at the same time, generated new patterns of social interactions. The novel incorporates paratexts like “editor” and “preface”, which were promoted by the print culture, into its fictional narrative while perfecting the epistolary narrative, namely, the media of communication that had been pushed onto a more advanced stage by the pietism and sentimentalism. The void, which occurs due to the absence of the letter receiver in the novel, may be filled by the anonymous reader. The confusing mixture of reality and fiction leads the reader to a baffling reception and poses a challenge to aesthetic reflection. The advancement of print culture produced new forms of articulation and promoted the development of cultural technologies while curtailing face-to-face interactions. Experience and media always find themselves in a tense relationship simply because the former requires directness, whereas the latter needs distance.

Carsten Rohde 著,丁佳宁 译

标题：《西东诗集》中的媒介和物质性

Title: Mediality and Materiality in West-Eastern Divan

内容摘要：近几十年来，媒介、物质性这两个概念和范式一直是文学、文化学研究的焦点之一。分析歌德的《西东诗集》的结构和动机―主题意义，探究《西东诗集》中特定的媒介和物质性维度，可以一窥歌德在其晚期作品中对媒介―物质条件结构的思考和演绎。显然，对歌德而言，由此可以实现一种具备多重指涉性和多样性的乌托邦。在这个乌托邦中，媒介和物质性获得了某种转化活力。

Abstract: Mediality and Materiality are two concepts and paradigms that have long been one of the focal points in literary and cultural studies in recent decades. If we analyze the structure and motive – its thematic significance – of Goethe’s West-Eastern Divan from these two dimensions and explore the specific issues of mediality and materiality in this poetic collection, we may easily pry into Goethe’s reflection on and interpretation of the medial-material conditional structure in his later work. In Goethe’s view, it is clearly probable to establish a utopia of multiple reference and diversity, in which mediality and materiality may gain a sort of vitality for transformation.

陶家俊

标题：文化全球化视野中瑞查兹的跨文化异位认同研究

Title: A Study on I. A. Richards’ Transcultural Heterotopic Identity from the Perspective of Cultural Globalization

内容摘要：从文化全球化视角反思西方当代跨文化认同理论，重构中英全球现代主义流动中I. A. 瑞查兹的跨文化异位认同的两种模式。围绕同位中的跨文化异位认同和异位中的跨文化异位认同这两种模式，重点分析以下三个方面：文化全球化内在的他异性、跨文化关联性以及对应的反本体的跨文化异位认同；瑞查兹立足剑桥大学文化本体空间与中国的同位中的跨文化异位认同以及对中国传统儒学内圣道统和经世理性精神的汲取；瑞查兹在真实的中国文化境遇中正反并存的跨文化矛盾心理以及通过跨文化干预、介入、超越三种方式对异位中的跨文化异位认同的重构。通过上述研究积极强调对话、共存、互动、互补等跨文化核心理念，肯定全球现代主义话语中中国他异性的多重性，指出西方现代语言认知知识型并强调形而下践履的中国传统儒学对瑞查兹跨文化异位认同的不同影响。

Abstract: This article reflects on contemporary Western theories of transcultural identity from the perspective of cultural globalization and reconstructs the two modes of I. A. Richards’s transcultural heterotopic identity in the global flow of modernism between China and England. By focusing on the two modes heterotopic transcultural identification in homotopic positioning and heterotopic transcultural identification in heterotopic positioning, analyzes the following three aspects: the alterity and transcultural relationality immanent in cultural globalization as well as the corresponding anti-ontological transcultural heterotopic identity; Richards’ heterotopic identification with China in homotopic positioning within the ontological cultural space of Cambridge University as well as his absorption of the traditional Chinese Confucian ideas of inner sagely cultivation and pragmatic rationality; Richards’ transcultural ambivalence in the real cultural environment of China and his reconstruction of the transcultural heterotopic identity in heterotopic positioning via three transcultural ways of intervention, involvement, and transcendence. A study of these issues may place more emphasis on transcultural core ideas, such as dialogue, co-existence, interaction, and complementation, affirm the multiplicity of Chinese alterity in the global discourse on modernism, and clarify the different influences on Richards’ transcultural heterotopic identity by modern Western episteme of linguistic cognition and traditional Chinese Confucianism that values concrete praxis.

肖辰罡

标题：《10½ 章世界史》中的契约母题和文学律法

Title: The Covenant Motif and Literature Law in A History of the World in 10½ Chapters

内容摘要：《10½章世界史》以看似复杂多元的主题集合了朱利安·巴恩斯对于法律的多层面关注，其通过不断重复的方舟意象所象征的“契约”母题展现了“法律”发生和运行的过程，并将人类历史中的若干矛盾冲突抽象概括为对立的法理价值。这些法理价值冲突体现了巴恩斯对于“自然法”概念的反思，“法律”和“自然”在巴恩斯笔下都是充满悖论的概念。这种悖论性也使得《10½章世界史》中的法律和契约成为了巴恩斯文学理念的“元叙事”表征，文学本身的律法属性使得文学作品经过“作者立法”与“读者审判”的过程形成了“文本”与“精神”之间的张力。

Abstract: With a seemingly complex and multilayered theme, compounded with Julian Barnes’s various concerns with law, A History of the World in 10½ Chapters not only represents the process of how the law is generated and implemented, but also generalizes, in abstract terms, some of the conflicts in human history as opposing legal values by exploring the motif of covenant symbolized by a recurrent image of ark. These conflicts of legal values reveal Barnes’s reflections on the “natural law”. In Barnes’s writing, both “law” and “nature” become paradoxical concepts, which turn the writing of law and covenant in A History of the World in 10½ Chapters into a metafictional representation of his literary ideas: The legality of literature itself generates the tension between its “text” and “spirit” in the course of “the author’s legislation” and “the reader’s judgement”.

谭莲香

标题：美国图像小说的演进历程及其启示

Title: Evolution of American Graphic Novel and its Implications

内容摘要：美国图像小说兴起于20世纪七十年代，是漫画的一个分支，主要以成年人为目标读者，叙述严肃主题。美国图像小说的发展经历了前图像小说期、图像小说发展期和流行期，逐渐从文学场域边缘走向中心。这一新兴文类的流行是美国文化场域中诸多因素合力的结果，包括图像小说自身的图文叙事特征、叙事主题对历史语境的呼应、电子文化的流行提供的机遇等。美国图像小说的演进历程大致可以说明，英语文学场域对图文结合叙事持开放态度，以适应读图时代读者的阅读倾向。这一趋势启发我们，图像小说这一新文类可以成为中国文学海外传播的新路径；当前应进一步探索如何变革叙事理念、转换传播媒介，以多元形式更好地向世界讲述中国故事。

Abstract: As a branch of comics, the graphic novel, which came into being in the 1970s in the American cultural field, generally targets an adult audience and addresses serious themes. The development of the American graphic novel can be roughly divided into the pre-graphic novel period, the rising period, and the canonical period. At present, the graphic novel is marching to center from margin in the American literary field. The rise of the graphic novel as a new genre results from interaction of many factors, including the image-word narrative features of the graphic novel, the coincidence of the themes of the graphic novel and those of the public narratives in the historical context, and the opportunities provided by E-culture. The evolution of the graphic novel indicates that the English literary filed is opening up to the word-image narrative to adapt to readers’ preference for image. It is suggested that the graphic novel can be taken as a new form to introduce Chinese literature to the English world, and more efforts should be taken to update our perception about narrative and medium in order to tell the stories about China to the world in a better way.

文学伦理学批评

刘兮颖

标题：《冤家，一个爱情故事》中的记忆书写与身份重构

Title: Memory Writing and Identity Reconstruction in Enemies: A Love Story

内容摘要：诺贝尔文学奖得主、美国犹太作家艾萨克·辛格在其代表作《冤家，一个爱情故事》中展现了作为幸存者且彼此之间有着复杂伦理关系的四位人物的各种记忆及其身份重构的过程。赫尔曼的嗅觉记忆固化了他作为雅德维珈的丈夫及保护人的身份，而与塔玛拉及子女同生共死记忆的缺失使得他规避了自己的父亲身份，历史记忆的融合则让他选择成为永远的受难者四处漂泊；塔玛拉的身体记忆使得她固化了自己的母亲身份，并最终作为书店老板完成了美国化的进程且成为犹太民族未来的守护者；雅德维珈作为嗅觉记忆的载体经历了女佣—妻子—单亲母亲的苦难生涯，由非犹太人转变成犹太教教徒；玛莎的创伤记忆令她受尽折磨，她经历了由难民到婚外情人再成为死者的身份转换过程。这些幸存者们在与他人共同建构伦理关系的过程中形成了家庭记忆，并将个体记忆、家庭记忆纳入漫长的历史记忆中，最终重新建构起他们的身份。

Abstract: In his representative work, Enemies: A Love Story, Isaac Singer, the Jewish American writer and the Nobel Prize winner, represents the various memories of and the attempts at the reconstruction of identity by four characters, who are the survivors with complicated ethical relations between each other. Herman’s olfactory memory solidifies his identity as Yadwiga’s husband and guardian. The loss of his memory about living through thick and thin together with Tamara and their children helps him evade his role as a father. The fusion of his memories about history, though, lets him choose to be an eternal sufferer wandering all over the place. Tamara’s body memory consolidates her own identity as a mother and enables her to become Americanized as a bookshop owner and a protector for the future of the Jewish community. Yadwiga, as a carrier of olfactory memory, goes through an agonizing life with changing identities, from a maid to a wife and then to a single mother, and from a non-Jewish woman to a believer in Judaism. Masha’s traumatic memory puts her through a lot of torments, changing her identity from a refugee to an extramarital lover and, finally, a dead person. These survivors form their family memory while trying to construct ethical relations with other people and integrate their individual memory and family memory into their long history memory, thus reconstructing their identities eventually.

郑  杰

标题：麦克尤恩小说中的共情观

Title: The Concept of Empathy in McEwan’s Fiction

内容摘要：相对于其早期作品中对人物扭曲内心世界的聚焦，麦克尤恩的中后期作品开始从科学、宗教、心理和文学的多重叙事中探讨伦理道德的本质问题。小说《黑犬》《爱无可忍》和《星期六》的共同主题看似是关于理性和感性、科学和情感之间的对话、冲突和竞争，实则是对共情的本质、目的、限度和途径的思考，而这一思考显然在9/11 事件后出现了新的转向和观点修正。重新考察麦克尤恩小说中的共情观，阐释共情的限度以及共情和善行之间的关系，由此得以理解麦克尤恩道德和情感观点的内在矛盾性；同时，在情感研究的观照下，可将其小说视为关于共情概念的文学脚注，为共情—利他的关系假设提供补充甚至修订。

Abstract: In contrast to the focus on characters’ twisted inner world in his early works, Ian McEwan began to explore the nature of ethics and morals in the multiple narratives of science, religion, psychology, and literature in the works written during the middle and late stages of his writing career. The common theme in The Black Dogs, Enduring Love, and Saturday appears to be centered around the dialogue, conflict, and competition between rationality and sensibility, or science and emotion, but it is actually intended as a reflection on the nature, purpose, and approach of empathy, a reflection that has conspicuously taken on a new turn and a conceptual revision in the wake of the 9/11 incidents. A re-examination of the concept of empathy in McEwan’s fiction may help us clarify the limits of empathy and the relation between empathy and kindness as well, thus developing an understanding of the immanent contradiction in McEwan’s concepts of morality and emotion. In the meantime, based on an observation from the study of emotion, his fiction might be perceived as a literary footnote about the concept of empathy, offering some supplement and even revision for the hypothesis of the empathy-altruism connection.

张英雪

标题：种族·文化·伦理——从世界主义视角看拉维尔斯坦的人性复归

Title:Race, Culture, Ethics: The Humanity Restoration in Ravelstein from the Perspective of Cosmopolitanism

内容摘要：奎迈·安东尼·阿皮亚主张将有根的世界主义、多元文化的世界主义和普遍伦理的世界主义统一到对个体“种族身份”、“文化身份”和“伦理身份”三种具体身份的关注之中，而具体身份之下的个体关怀是“人性”得以复归的前提。面对自我与世界的关系，以索尔·贝娄为代表的族裔作家提倡个体在回归种族身份的基础上追求文化身份的多重性，并在多样性世界中进行伦理身份的选择。在《拉维尔斯坦》中，主人公拉维尔斯坦不仅回归自己的犹太种族身份，还继承了犹太民族的传统。同时，拉维尔斯坦尊重文化的差异性，在多元文化的美国社会重塑文化身份。拉维尔斯坦将世界主义伦理作为维系人际关系的准则，从对他人伦理职责的实践中探索抵抗精神异化的途径，最终实现了由“兽性因子”向“人性因子”的转变。通过《拉维尔斯坦》主要人物种族身份的回归、文化身份的重塑以及伦理身份的构建，贝娄重新审视人性问题，以一位世界主义作家的责任感和使命感探求个体生存意义，为和谐的人文世界的发展提供了有益借鉴。

Abstract: Kwame Anthony Appiah advocates that rooted cosmopolitanism, multicultural cosmopolitanism and ethical cosmopolitanism should be unified into the concern about specific identities, namely, “racial identity,” “cultural identity” and “ethical identity,” whereas the restoration of humanity is premised on the concern about individuals under specific identity. In addressing the relationship between the self and the world, ethnic writers, as represented by Saul Bellow, urge individuals to pursue the multiplicity of their cultural identity based on the restoration of their racial identity and select their ethical identity in a world of diversity. In Ravelstein, Ravelstein, the protagonist, not only restores his Jewish identity, but also inherits the traditions of the Jewish people. In the meantime, Ravelstein respects the differences in culture and reconstructs his cultural identity in the multicultural society of America. While confronting the crisis of consumption alienation, Ravelstein maintains the cosmopolitan ethics as the guidelines in interpersonal relationships, explores ways to resist spiritual alienation by fulfilling his ethical responsibilities to others, and eventually accomplishes his transition from “animal factor” to “human factor.” Through the major characters’ restoration of ethnic identity, their reconstruction of cultural identity and their development of ethical identity in Ravelstein, Bellow reexamines the issue of human nature and explores the significance of individual existence with the sense of responsibility and mission as a cosmopolitan writer, thus offering a useful reference for the development of a harmonious human world.

文学叙事研究

刘  阳

标题：反事件：迈克尔·索亚的现代叙事阐释及其推演

Title: Against the Event: Michael Sayeau’s Interpretation and Deduction of Modernist Narrative

内容摘要：在对事件思想的前沿研究中，英国叙事学家迈克尔·索亚一反从独特性角度理解事件的惯常做法，以巴迪欧为批判切入口，论证了事件独特性所隐含的原因神秘性及其形而上学症结，醒目地提出“反事件”观点，吸收有关学理，深入阐释了福楼拜等作家如何处理中断与重复的冲突，由此开现代主义叙事先河。其阐释不仅可以在今天得到基于“巧合的日常性”的推演，而且有助于深度澄清一个学术史拐点，即早期现代主义作家在创作中凸显话语自身构造，何以与索绪尔从理论上确立语言论起点这一事实发生于同时期。

Abstract: In the frontier research on event, English narratologist Michael Sayeau took a departure from the usual approach in understanding the event from the perspective of singularity and, using Badiou as the starting point of his criticism, demonstrated the mysteriousness of the cause and the metaphysical crux, the two features underlying the singularity of event. As a result, he forthrightly put forward his “against the event” viewpoint and absorbed relevant critical theories while explaining how Flaubert and other writers deal with the conflict between interruption and repetition, thus creating a pioneering presentation of the modernist narrative. His interpretation can not only provide a deduction of “the daily constancy of coincidence”, but also help clarify, in depth, a turning point in academic history, that is, the time when early modernist writers highlighted the structure of discourse itself in their works and Saussure established the starting point for the theory of language simultaneously.

郝志琴

标题：山姆·谢泼德剧作《震惊状态》中的海湾战争叙事

Title: The Gulf War Narrative in Sam Shepard’s States of Shock

内容摘要：美国当代著名剧作家山姆·谢泼德在其后期剧作《震惊状态》中重现海湾战争的电视报道，再现伤残和苦痛已被抹除的战争叙事，描摹普通民众对作为电视事件的海湾战争的漠然态度，同时关注老兵的战争叙事和渴望被“见”的诉求。剧作者将战场的多维细节、军人的生存境遇以及民众的情感反应杂糅在一起，揭示海湾战争叙事的另一维度：战争带给军人和民众的“震惊状态”。在《震惊状态》中，谢泼德构建了异于官方话语的战争叙事，对官方的海湾战争话语进行了质疑和批判。

Abstract: In States of Shock, a play written in the late stage of his writing career, Sam Shepard, a well-known contemporary American playwright, re-presents the television coverage on the Gulf War and re-creates the war panorama that has erased the injuries and sufferings, depicting ordinary people’s indifference toward the Gulf War as nothing more than a television event, and drawing attention to the war narratives by veterans and their anxious plea to be “seen”. By mixing the multi-dimensional details of the battlefield with soldiers’ living conditions and people’s emotional reactions, the playwright reveals another perspective on the Gulf War narrative: the war forced both soldiers and civilians into “states of shock”. In States of Shock, Shepard constructs another Gulf War narrative that differs from the official discourse, questioning and animadverting upon the official coverage of the Gulf War.

批评与批评研究

戴从容

标题：诗人的共同体：谢默斯·希尼与贝尔法斯特小组

Title: A Community of Poets: Seamus Heaney and the Belfast Group

内容摘要：贝尔法斯特小组被不少人认为是20世纪后半期北爱尔兰文学史上的重要一环，爱尔兰诗人谢默斯·希尼在回顾自己诗歌创作的成长历程时经常提到小组，并肯定这样一个诗歌共同体对初出茅庐的一代北爱尔兰诗人的重要性。小组的影响既来自发起者霍布斯鲍姆的诗歌理念和个人指引，也来自小组成员之间的相处方式和相互交流。虽然希尼是小组中的佼佼者，贝尔法斯特小组对希尼的影响依然渗透到诗歌创作的理念、技巧、视野乃至出版等各个方面。小组新教成员对北爱尔兰新教徒两难民族处境的书写，对希尼突破天主教徒的视野、在北爱尔兰问题上建立起包容和超越的民族观有重要的影响。

Abstract: The Belfast Group is considered by many to be an important part of Northern Ireland’s literary history in the second half of the 20th century. Looking back on his long career of poetry writing, Seamus Heaney mentioned the Group frequently and asserted the key role such a community of poetry played in the emergence of a new generation of fledging poets from Northern Ireland. The influence of the Group came not only from the poetic ideas and personal guidance of its founder, Hobsbaum, but also from the way in which members of the Group get along and communicate with each other. Although Heaney was considered the greatest talent among them, the influence of the Group still infiltrated into every aspect of his career, from his poetic ideas to his techniques, visions, and even publications. Besides, the writing about Northern Ireland protestants’ dilemma produced by the protestant poets in the Group had a huge impact on Heaney’s determinatin to go beyond the vision of Catholics, so as to promote tolerance and adopt a transcending national perspective on the issue of Northern Ireland.

王晓宇

标题：灵魂与记忆——普拉东诺夫与艾特玛托夫小说中的中亚书写

Title: Soul and Memory: The Writing about Central Asia in Platonov’s and Aitmatov’s Fiction

内容摘要：在文坛高度意识形态化的苏联时期，俄罗斯族作家普拉东诺夫和吉尔吉斯族作家艾特玛托夫，分别在《章族人》和《风雪小站》中围绕灵魂和记忆主题对中亚这一地理空间展开文学想象。前者对虚构的中亚章族人抱以尊重的态度，并为身为返乡者和拯救者的恰噶塔耶夫安排了被章族人“同化”的结局；后者则围绕象征民族记忆传承中断的传统父辈和现代子辈的分化展开叙事。中亚少数族裔的文化记忆和传统被割裂，随之而来的是日渐严重的身份认同危机。

Abstract: During the Soviet period when its literary canon was highly ideologicalized, the Russian writer Platonov and the Kyrgyz writer Aitmatov played up, respectively, their literary imaginations about the geographical space of Central Asia around the theme of soul and memory in Soul and The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years. The former holds a respectful attitude toward the fictional Zhang people in Central Asia and concludes with the assimilation of Chagataev, who is both a returnee and savior, by the Zhang people; the latter unfolds its narrative around the alienation between the traditional fathers and their modern offsprings, which symbolizes the disruption in passing on the national memory. The cultural memories and traditions of the minorities in Central Asia have been shattered, and what follows imminently is a worsening identity crisis.

往期精彩文章回顾：

目录 | 《外国文学研究》2020年第5期

尹兰曦 | “悲伤的时辰似乎如此漫长”——《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的“钟表时间”

宋志明 | 索因卡《反常的季节》中的社会政治想象

陈红 | 马维尔笔下割草人形象中的农事理想

END

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